Relationship between baseline mean platelet volume (MPV) and prognosis of patients with acute mild cerebral infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis with Alteplase.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between baseline, mean platelet volume (MPV) and prognosis of patients with acute mild cerebral infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of clinical imaging and laboratory data of patients with acute mild cerebral infarction who received intravenous thrombolytic therapy with alteplase in Baoding No.1 Central Hospital between March 2018 and March 2021. According to mRS scores after three months, a total of 140 patients were divided into the good prognosis group(n=115) (mRS score

Efficacy and safety profiles of dolutegravir plus lamivudine vs . bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in therapy-naïve adults with HIV-1.

BACKGROUND: Dual regimen dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) has demonstrated non-inferior efficacy compared to DTG-based three-drug regimens (3DRs), yet directly comparative data regarding the efficacy and safety of DTG + 3TC and bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) for therapy-naïve people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 (PWH) are still limited. We aimed to assess the antiviral potency and safety profiles of DTG + 3TC vs. B/F/TAF based on antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve PWH in China. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study enrolled PWH initiating ART with DTG + 3TC or B/F/TAF from 2020 to 2022 in Guangdong and Guangxi. We analyzed response rates based on target not detected (TND) status using intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Subgroups were formed based on baseline viral load (VL) (<100,000 vs . ≥100,000 copies/mL) and CD4 + cell count (<200 vs . ≥200 cell/µL). Median time to TND VL was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method. We also measured changes from baseline in CD4 + cell counts, CD4/CD8 ratio, lipid parameters, weight, creatinine (Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and drug-related adverse effects (DRAEs). RESULTS: We enrolled 280 participants, including 137 (48.9%) on DTG + 3TC and 143 (51.1%) on B/F/TAF. At week 48, 96.4% (132/137) on DTG+3TC and 100% (143/143) on B/F/TAF achieved TND ( P = 0.064). At week 12, TND responses were higher with B/F/TAF (78.3% [112/143]) than DTG+3TC (30.7% [42/137]) ( P <0.001). This trend held across subgroups. B/F/TAF achieved TND faster (12 weeks) than DTG+3TC (24 weeks) ( P <0.001). No differences were seen in CD4 + cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio, except in the high-VL subgroup, where B/F/TAF showed better recovery. DRAEs were significantly lower with B/F/TAF (4.9% [7/143]) than with DTG + 3TC (13.1% [18/137]) ( P = 0.016). Lipid parameters, body weight, and Cr increased in both groups over 48 weeks, with DTG+3TC showing a more favorable effect on triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-life study, B/F/TAF led to a faster viral decline and fewer DRAEs compared to DTG+3TC. No significant difference was observed in the TND rate at week 48, regardless of baseline VL and CD4 + cell count. CD4 + recovery was superior for B/F/TAF in participants with high VL. The DTG + 3TC regimen had less impact on metabolic changes than B/F/TAF.

Influence of presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) treatment in maxillary dental arch width and nasolabial symmetry in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.

Unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP) is one of the most severe clinical subphenotypes among nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P), that complicates surgical repair operations. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) is a technique used to reshape the nose, lip and alveolar bone of infants with UCCLP before surgery (the modified Mohler rotation advancement cheiloplasty and two flap palatoplasty), with the potential to facilitate surgical repair. However, the effectiveness of PNAM treatment is still a matter of debate. In this paper, the 3Shape scanning system and 3dMD stereophotography were used to assess the short-term and long-term effects of PNAM treatment on the dental arch morphology and nasolabial features of patients with UCCLP, respectively. The findings indicated that PNAM treatment negatively affects both short-term and long-term dental arch shape compared to the treatment without PNAM, particularly in terms of limiting the transverse width of the maxillary canine-to-midline. Regarding the nasal and labial symmetry, PNAM improves the symmetry of the nasal alae in patients over 7 years old and the symmetry of the lip in patients under 7 years old. Moreover, UCCLP patients who received PNAM treatment exhibited a shorter and wider shape of the nostril on the cleft side compared to those without PNAM treatment. In clinical practice, the multidisciplinary team should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of the outcomes of PNAM treatment when treating infants with cleft lip and palate.

FAFuse: A Four-Axis Fusion framework of CNN and Transformer for medical image segmentation.

Medical image segmentation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment in the medical field. In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Transformers have been frequently adopted as network architectures in medical image segmentation. The convolution operation is limited in modeling long-range dependencies because it can only extract local information through the limited receptive field. In comparison, Transformers demonstrate excellent capability in modeling long-range dependencies but are less effective in capturing local information. Hence, effectively modeling long-range dependencies while preserving local information is essential for accurate medical image segmentation. In this paper, we propose a four-axis fusion framework called FAFuse, which can exploit the advantages of CNN and Transformer. As the core component of our FAFuse, a Four-Axis Fusion module (FAF) is proposed to efficiently fuse global and local information. FAF combines Four-Axis attention (height, width, main diagonal, and counter diagonal axial attention), a multi-scale convolution, and a residual structure with a depth-separable convolution and a Hadamard product. Furthermore, we also introduce deep supervision to enhance gradient flow and improve overall performance. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art segmentation accuracy on three publicly available medical image segmentation datasets. The code is available at https://github.com/cczu-xiao/FAFuse.

Phosphorescence enhancement of pyridinium macrocycles by poly(vinylalcohol).

A phosphorescence enhancement of pyridinium macrocycle/monomer phosphors is realized with up to 14.7-fold prolonging of the phosphorescence lifetimes and visible afterglow by doping into a poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) matrix. The abundant hydrogen-bonding interactions and electrostatic interactions between the phosphors and the PVA suppressed the nonradiative decay processes, slowed down the radiative decay and nonradiative decay of triplet states, and therefore promoted the long-lived RTP.

Degradation of dimethyl phthalate by morphology controlled ß-MnO2 activated peroxymonosulfate: The overlooked roles of high-valent manganese species.

Activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) processes have emerged as an efficient advanced oxidation process to eliminate refractory organic pollutants in water. This study synthesized a novel spherical manganese oxide catalyst (0.4KBr-ß-MnO2) via a simple KBr-guided approach to activate PMS for degrading dimethyl phthalate (DMP). The 0.4KBr-ß-MnO2/PMS system enhanced DMP degradation under different water quality conditions, exhibiting an ultrahigh and stable catalytic activity, outperforming equivalent quantities of pristine ß-MnO2 by 8.5 times. Mn(V) was the dominant reactive species that was revealed by the generation of methyl phenyl sulfone from methyl phenyl sulfoxide oxidation. The selectivity of Mn(V) was demonstrated by the negligible inhibitory effects of Inorganic anions. Theoretical calculations confirmed that Mn (V) was more prone to attack the CO bond of the side chain of DMP. This study revealed the indispensable roles of high-valent manganese species in DMP degradation by the 0.4KBr-ß-MnO2/PMS system. The findings could provide insight into effective PMS activation by Mn-based catalysts to efficiently degrade pollutants in water via the high-valent manganese species.

Synthesis of violet phosphorus with large lateral sizes to facilitate nano-device fabrications.

Violet phosphorus has been proven to be the most stable phosphorus allotrope and has attracted much attention recently. The growth of violet phosphorus with large lateral sizes is crucial to obtain good quality violet phosphorene for nanodevice fabrication. Herein, a large number of violet phosphorus plates have been produced from molten lead using an optimized method to achieve red bronze luster. The crystal structure of the as-produced violet phosphorus was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction to be monoclinic with the space group P2/n (13) (CSD-2160375), identical to the one from the chemical vapor transport method (CSD-1935087). The as-produced violet phosphorus plates were found to have lateral sizes of 1.30 ± 0.41 mm2. The violet phosphorus plates were easily exfoliated and directly transferred to silicon substrates to facilitate building of a back-gate field-effect transistor. A hole mobility of 2.308 cm2 V-1 s-1 was obtained from a violet phosphorus nanosheet with a thickness of 52 nm under ambient conditions. The absolute responsivity of 130 mA W-1 with a fast response time of 27 ms was also obtained under the irradiation of a 530 nm laser.

Fair Max-Min Diversity Maximization in Streaming and Sliding-Window Models.

Diversity maximization is a fundamental problem with broad applications in data summarization, web search, and recommender systems. Given a set X of n elements, the problem asks for a subset S of k≪n elements with maximum diversity, as quantified by the dissimilarities among the elements in S. In this paper, we study diversity maximization with fairness constraints in streaming and sliding-window models. Specifically, we focus on the max-min diversity maximization problem, which selects a subset S that maximizes the minimum distance (dissimilarity) between any pair of distinct elements within it. Assuming that the set X is partitioned into m disjoint groups by a specific sensitive attribute, e.g., sex or race, ensuring fairness requires that the selected subset S contains ki elements from each group i∈[m]. Although diversity maximization has been extensively studied, existing algorithms for fair max-min diversity maximization are inefficient for data streams. To address the problem, we first design efficient approximation algorithms for this problem in the (insert-only) streaming model, where data arrive one element at a time, and a solution should be computed based on the elements observed in one pass. Furthermore, we propose approximation algorithms for this problem in the sliding-window model, where only the latest w elements in the stream are considered for computation to capture the recency of the data. Experimental results on real-world and synthetic datasets show that our algorithms provide solutions of comparable quality to the state-of-the-art offline algorithms while running several orders of magnitude faster in the streaming and sliding-window settings.

A lightweight CNN-based knowledge graph embedding model with channel attention for link prediction.

Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is to embed the entities and relations of a KG into a low-dimensional continuous vector space while preserving the intrinsic semantic associations between entities and relations. One of the most important applications of knowledge graph embedding (KGE) is link prediction (LP), which aims to predict the missing fact triples in the KG. A promising approach to improving the performance of KGE for the task of LP is to increase the feature interactions between entities and relations so as to express richer semantics between them. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have thus become one of the most popular KGE models due to their strong expression and generalization abilities. To further enhance favorable features from increased feature interactions, we propose a lightweight CNN-based KGE model called IntSE in this paper. Specifically, IntSE not only increases the feature interactions between the components of entity and relationship embeddings with more efficient CNN components but also incorporates the channel attention mechanism that can adaptively recalibrate channel-wise feature responses by modeling the interdependencies between channels to enhance the useful features while suppressing the useless ones for improving its performance for LP. The experimental results on public datasets confirm that IntSE is superior to state-of-the-art CNN-based KGE models for link prediction in KGs.

FGFR3 mutation characterization identifies prognostic and immune-related gene signatures in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy and FGFR3-targeted therapy play an important role in the management of locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer (BLCA). Previous studies indicated that FGFR3 mutation (mFGFR3) may be involved in the alterations of immune infiltration, which may affect the priority or combination of these two treatment regimes. However, the specific impact of mFGFR3 on the immunity and how FGFR3 regulates the immune response in BLCA to affect prognosis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the immune landscape associated with mFGFR3 status in BLCA, screen immune-related gene signatures with prognostic value, and construct and validate a prognostic model. METHODS: ESTIMATE and TIMER were used to assess the immune infiltration within tumors in the TCGA BLCA cohort based on transcriptome data. Further, the mFGFR3 status and mRNA expression profiles were analyzed to identify immune-related genes that were differentially expressed between patients with BLCA with wild-type FGFR3 or mFGFR3 in the TCGA training cohort. An FGFR3-related immune prognostic score (FIPS) model was established in the TCGA training cohort. Furthermore, we validated the prognostic value of FIPS with microarray data in the GEO database and tissue microarray from our center. Multiple fluorescence immunohistochemical analysis was performed to confirm the relationship between FIPS and immune infiltration. RESULTS: mFGFR3 resulted in differential immunity in BLCA. In total, 359 immune-related biological processes were enriched in the wild-type FGFR3 group, whereas none were enriched in the mFGFR3 group. FIPS could effectively distinguish high-risk patients with poor prognosis from low-risk patients. The high-risk group was characterized by a higher abundance of neutrophils; macrophages; and follicular helper, CD4, and CD8 T-cells than the low-risk group. In addition, the high-risk group exhibited higher expression of PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIM-3 than the low-risk group, indicating an immune-infiltrated but functionally suppressed immune microenvironment. Furthermore, patients in the high-risk group exhibited a lower mutation rate of FGFR3 than those in the low-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: FIPS effectively predicted survival in BLCA. Patients with different FIPS exhibited diverse immune infiltration and mFGFR3 status. FIPS might be a promising tool for selecting targeted therapy and immunotherapy for patients with BLCA.

Violet Antimony Phosphorus with Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Violet phosphorus (VP), a recently confirmed layered elemental structure, is demonstrated to have unique photoelectric, mechanical, and photocatalytic properties. Element substitution plays a significant role in modifying the physical/chemical properties of semiconducting materials. Herein, antimony is adopted to substitute some phosphorus atoms in VP crystals to tune their physical and chemical properties, resulting in a significantly enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. The antimony-substituted violet phosphorus single crystal (VP-Sb) is synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (CSD-2214937). The bandgap of VP-Sb has been found to be lowered from that of VP by UV/vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and density-functional theory (DFT) calculation, enhancing the optical absorption during photocatalytic reaction. The conducting band minimum of VP-Sb is found to be upshifted from that of VP from measurements and calculation, enhancing its hydrogen reduction activity. The valance band maximum is found to be lowered to weaken its oxidation activity. The edge of VP-Sb is calculated to have an excellent H* adsorption-desorption performance and superior H2 generation kinetics. The H2 evolution rate of VP-Sb is demonstrated to be significantly enhanced to be 1473 µmol h-1 g-1 , about five times of that of pristine VP (299 µmol h-1 g-1 ) under the same experimental conditions.

Residual deformation of coal gangue subgrade filler under multi-vibration cyclic loading.

In this paper, the development law of residual deformation of coal gangue subgrade filler is analyzed through large scale triaxial test, and the residual deformation model of coal gangue mainly sandstone and limestone is established. The purpose is to provide research basis for the applicability of coal gangue as subgrade filler. The results show that the deformation of coal gangue filler increases first and then tends to be constant under cyclic load of multiple vibration times. It is found that the Shenzhujiang residual deformation model cannot accurately predict the deformation law, and the corresponding modification is made to the residual deformation model of coal gangue filling body. Finally, according to the calculation of grey correlation degree, the influence degree of main factors of coal gangue filler on its residual deformation is sorted. Combined with the actual engineering situation represented by these main factors, it can be analyzed that the effect of packing particle density on residual deformation is greater than that of packing particle size composition.

Activation of peroxymonosulfate with cobalt embedded in layered δ-MnO2 for degradation of dimethyl phthalate: Mechanisms, degradation pathway, and DFT calculation.

The sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) offer huge potential for the removal of organic pollutants. In this study, Co(II)-intercalated δ-MnO2 (Co-δ-MnO2) catalyst was successfully prepared by a simple cation exchange reaction. The obtained Co-δ-MnO2 exhibited high catalytic performance for the removal of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) under the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), with the degradation efficiency reaching 100% within 6 h. Experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that interlayer Co(II) provided unique active sites in Co-δ-MnO2. In addition, radical and non-radical pathways were confirmed to play a role in Co-δ-MnO2/PMS system. •OH, SO4• ̶, and 1O2 were identified to be the dominating reactive species in Co-δ-MnO2/PMS system. This study provided new insights into the design of catalysts and laid a foundation for developing modifiable layered heterogeneous catalysts.

Real-world efficacy and safety of dolutegravir plus lamivudine versus tenofovir plus lamivudine and efavirenz in ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults.

Limited real-world data on dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) for HIV-1-infected individuals have been reported. This study aimed to evaluated the real-world efficacy and safety of DTG + 3TC in ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults in China. This real-world prospective observational cohort study enrolled HIV-1-infected adults receiving ART initiation with DTG + 3TC (D3 group) or tenofovir plus lamivudine and efavirenz (TDF + 3TC + EFV, TLE group) with subgroups of low viral load (LVL, ≤500,000 copies/mL) and high viral load (HVL, >500,000 copies/mL) according to baseline HIV-1 RNA. Efficacy were assessed by proportion of virologic suppression, changes of CD4+ cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio, HIV-1 DNA decay, and safety by symptoms and changes of laboratory indicators at week 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48. Totally 45 participants in D3 group and 95 in TLE group were enrolled. The proportion of HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL were 48.7% (19/39), 84.6% (33/39), 100% (39/39), 100% (39/39) in D3-LVL subgroup at week 4, 12, 24, 48, compared with 1.3% (1/75), 14.7% (11/75), 86.7% (65/75), 96.0% (72/75) in TLE-LVL subgroup, with P < .05 at week 4, 12, and 36. The proportion were 0.0% (0/6), 66.7% (4/6), 83.3% (5/6), 100% (6/6) in D3-HVL subgroup compared with 0.0% (0/20), 5.0% (1/20), 85.0% (17/20), 100% (20/20) in TLE-HVL subgroup, with P < .05 at week 12. No virologic rebound was observed in D3 group. Mean change of CD4/CD8 ratio were higher in D3-LVL versus TLE-LVL subgroup at each scheduled visit (P < .05), while CD4+ cell counts increased significantly in D3-HVL versus TLE-HVL subgroup at week 4 and 12 (P < .05). Less complaint of dizziness, insomnia, dreaminess and amnesia, lower elevated level of triglyceride and higher elevated level of creatinine from baseline to week 48 were documented in D3 group (P < .05). Total HIV-1 DNA decayed along with HIV-1 RNA after DTG + 3TC initiation in both D3-LVL and D3-HVL subgroups. DTG + 3TC achieved virological suppression more rapidly and stably versus TDF + 3TC + EFV in ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults, with better immunological response and less adverse drug effect, and reduced total HIV-1 DNA effectively. DTG + 3TC is a potent regimen for ART-naïve individuals with HIV-1 infection.

Ascorbic acid enhanced MnFe2O4/peroxymonosulfate oxidation of organic pollutant: Key role of singlet oxygen generation and Fe/Mn cycling.

The activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process has been widely applied for degrading organic pollutants. However, its application is limited by low metal cycling, and the contribution of oxygen species remains unclear. Here, the crystal structure, surface morphology, and elemental valence of the synthesized manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) catalyst were investigated by SEM, HRTEM, XRD, and XPS. A novel MnFe2O4/PMS/ascorbic acid (AA) system was constructed to enhance the Fe/Mn cycling on the surfaces of the MnFe2O4 catalyst. The addition of AA can significantly increase the decomposition of organic pollutants, and the apparent rate constant of the MnFe2O4/PMS/AA system is 8.2 times higher than that of MnFe2O4/PMS. AA facilitates the reduction of Fe/Mn(III) and the dissolution of Fe/Mn(II), creating a Fe/Mn cycle between the heterogeneous and homogeneous interfaces of the catalyst. Furthermore, AA greatly increases the activity of adsorbed oxygen on the catalyst surfaces, generating a large amount of singlet oxygen (1O2), which contributes significantly to the destruction of organic pollutants. The efficient, fast, and environmentally friendly PMS activation method in this study can provide reliable technical support for treating refractory organic pollutants in water.

Wide Bandgap Tuning of Violet Phosphorus Quantum Dots by Functionalization.

Violet phosphorus quantum dots (VPQDs) are promising structures for bioimaging, solar cells, LEDs, diode lasers, and transistors due to the quantum confinement effects. Bandgap tuning is important for QDs to adjust their emissions for various applications. Nevertheless, no bandgap tuning of VPQDs has been investigated, since the violet phosphorus has just recently been successfully produced and confirmed. In this work, the bandgap of VPQDs has been demonstrated to be effectively tuned from 2.3 to 3.1 eV by a facile solvothermal path in different solvents to introduce different functional groups. The HOMO-LUMO gaps of VPQDs from different functionalizations have also been calculated by density functional theory to be 2.73, 2.77, 2.74, 2.80, 2.51, and 2.56 eV, respectively, which are well-consistent with the experimental results. Our results provide a simple pathway for bandgap tuning of VPQDs, which can be used for future optoelectronic applications.

Ultrasonic treatment enhances the formation of oxygen vacancies and trivalent manganese on α-MnO2 surfaces: Mechanism and application.

Catalytic activity is the main obstacle limiting the application of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation on transition metal oxide catalysts in organic pollutant removal. Herein, ultrasonic treatment was applied to α-MnO2 to fabricate a new u-α-MnO2 catalyst for PMS activation. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP, 10 mg/L) was almost completely degraded within 90 min, and the pseudofirst-order rate constant for DMP degradation in the u-α-MnO2/PMS system was ∼7 times that in the initial α-MnO2/PMS system. The ultrasonic treatment altered the crystalline and pore structures of α-MnO2 and produced defects on the u-α-MnO2 catalyst. According to the XPS, TG, and EPR results, higher contents of trivalent Mn and oxygen vacancies (OVs) were produced on the catalyst surfaces. The OVs induced the decomposition of PMS to produce 1O2, which was identified as the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for DMP degradation. The u-α-MnO2 catalyst presented great reusability, especially by ultrasonic regeneration of OVs toward the used catalyst. This study provides new insights into regulating OVs generation and strengthening catalyst activity in the PMS activation process for its application in water purification.

High-Throughput, Living Single-Cell, Multiple Secreted Biomarker Profiling Using Microfluidic Chip and Machine Learning for Tumor Cell Classification.

Secreted proteins provide abundant functional information on living cells and can be used as important tumor diagnostic markers, of which profiling at the single-cell level is helpful for accurate tumor cell classification. Currently, achieving living single-cell multi-index, high-sensitivity, and quantitative secretion biomarker profiling remains a great challenge. Here, a high-throughput living single-cell multi-index secreted biomarker profiling platform is proposed, combined with machine learning, to achieve accurate tumor cell classification. A single-cell culture microfluidic chip with self-assembled graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) enables high-activity single-cell culture, ensuring normal secretion of biomarkers and high-throughput single-cell separation, providing sufficient statistical data for machine learning. At the same time, the antibody barcode chip with self-assembled GOQDs performs multi-index, highly sensitive, and quantitative detection of secreted biomarkers, in which each cell culture chamber covers a whole barcode array. Importantly, by combining the K-means strategy with machine learning, thousands of single tumor cell secretion data are analyzed, enabling tumor cell classification with a recognition accuracy of 95.0%. In addition, further profiling of the grouping results reveals the unique secretion characteristics of subgroups. This work provides an intelligent platform for high-throughput living single-cell multiple secretion biomarker profiling, which has broad implications for cancer investigation and biomedical research.

Smart, Biomimetic Periosteum Created from the Cerium(III, IV) Oxide-Mineralized Eggshell Membrane.

The periosteum orchestrates the microenvironment of bone regeneration, including facilitating local neuro-vascularization and regulating immune responses. To mimic the role of natural periosteum for bone repair enhancement, we adopted the principle of biomimetic mineralization to delicately inlay amorphous cerium oxide within eggshell membranes (ESMs) for the first time. Cerium from cerium oxide possesses unique ability to switch its oxidation state from cerium III to cerium IV and vice versa, which provides itself promising potential for biomedical applications. ESMs are mineralized with cerium(III, IV) oxide and examined for their biocompatibility. Apart from serving as physical barriers, periosteum-like cerium(III, IV) oxide-mineralized ESMs are biocompatible and can actively regulate immune responses and facilitate local neuro-vascularization along with early-stage bone regeneration in a murine cranial defect model. During the healing process, cerium-inlayed biomimetic periosteum can boost early osteoclastic differentiation of macrophage lineage cells, which may be the dominant mediator of the local repair microenvironment. The present work provides novel insights into expanding the definition and function of a biomimetic periosteum to boost early-stage bone repair and optimize long-term repair with robust neuro-vascularization. This new treatment strategy which employs multifunctional bone-and-periosteum-mimicking systems creates a highly concerted microenvironment to expedite bone regeneration.

Graphene oxide-graphene Van der Waals heterostructure transistor biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 protein detection.

The current outbreaking of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic threatens global health and has caused serious concern. Currently there is no specific drug against SARS-CoV-2, therefore, a fast and accurate diagnosis method is an urgent need for the diagnosis, timely treatment and infection control of COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we developed a field effect transistor (FET) biosensor based on graphene oxide-graphene (GO/Gr) van der Waals heterostructure for selective and ultrasensitive SARS-CoV-2 proteins detection. The GO/Gr van der Waals heterostructure was in-situ formed in the microfluidic channel through π-π stacking. The developed biosensor is capable of SARS-CoV-2 proteins detection within 20 min in the large dynamic range from 10 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL with the limit of detection of as low as ∼8 fg/mL, which shows ∼3 × sensitivity enhancement compared with Gr-FET biosensor. The performance enhancement mechanism was studied based on the transistor-based biosensing theory and experimental results, which is mainly attributed to the enhanced SARS-CoV-2 capture antibody immobilization density due to the introduction of the GO layer on the graphene surface. The spiked SARS-CoV-2 protein samples in throat swab buffer solution were tested to confirm the practical application of the biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 proteins detection. The results indicated that the developed GO/Gr van der Waals heterostructure FET biosensor has strong selectivity and high sensitivity, providing a potential method for SARS-CoV-2 fast and accurate detection.